【英语学习】【科学】【Glencoe Science】【C】Animal Diversity 目录及术语表

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发布时间：2019-04-28

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Table of Contents

本文是英语学习笔记，所有版权归原教材作者所有。

Glencoe Science模块系列教材，模块C - Animal Diversity，2005版，227页。全书分为5大章（Chapter），每章由若干小节（Section）构成，各章后附有Study Guide，Review与Standardized Test Practice。

Cover Description: This Alaskan brown bear is catching a migrating salmon. This species of bear is the largest carnivore in Alaska, growing up to 9 feet tall and weighing up to 1,700 pounds. All Alaskan salmon hatch in freshwater, migrate to the sea, and then eventually return to where they hatched to reproduce.

简要目录（Simple Contents）

Chapter 1: Introduction to Animals

Chapter 2: Mollusks, Worms, Arthropods, Echinoderms

Chapter 3: Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles

Chapter 4: Birds and Mammals

Chpater 5: Animal Behavior

详细目录（Detailed Contents）

Chapter 1: Introduction to Animals

Section 1: Is it an animal?

Section 2: Sponges and Cnidarians

Section 3: Flatworms and Roundworms

Chapter 2: Mollusks, Worms, Arthropods, Echinoderms

Section 1: Mollusks

Section 2: Segmented Worms

Section 3: Arthropods

Section 4: Echinoderms

Chapter 3: Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles

Section 1: Chordates and Vertebrates

Section 2: Fish

Section 3: Amphibians

Section 4: Reptiles

Chapter 4: Birds and Mammals

Section 1: Birds

Section 2: Mammals

Chpater 5: Animal Behavior

Section 1: Types of Behavior

Section 2: Behavioral Interactions

术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）

142: aggression: forceful behavior, such as fighting, used by an animal to control or dominate another animal in order to protect their young, defend territory, or get food.

91: amniotic egg: egg covered with a shell that provide a complete environment for the embryo's development; for reptiles, a major adaptation for living on land.

25: anus: opening at the end of the digestive tract through which wastes leave the body.

48: appendages: jointed structures of arthropods, such as legs, wings, or antennae.

134: behavior: the way in which an organism interacts with other organisms and its environment; can be innate or learned.

13: bilateral symmetry: body parts arranged in a similar way on both sides of the body, with each half being nearly a mirror image of the other half.

9: carnivore: animal that eats only other animals or the remains of other animals; mammal having large sharp canine teeth and strong jaw muscles for eating flesh. (see also p115)

73: cartilage: (Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European kert- 'to weave, twist together') tough, flexible tissue that joins vertebrae and makes up all or part of the vertebrae endoskeleton.

72: chordate: animal that has a notochord, a nerve cord, pharygeal pouches, and a postanal tail present at some stage in its development. (notochord - from Greek nōton ‘back’ + chord 'rope, string')

40: closed circulatory system: blood circulatory system in which blood moves through the body in closed vessels.

138: conditioning: occurs when the response to a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus.

108: contour feathers: strong, lightweight feathers that give birds their coloring and shape and that are used for flight.

143: courtship behavior: behavior that allows males and females of the same species to recognize each other and prepare to mate.

44: crop: digestive system sac in which earthworms store ingested soil.

146: cyclic behavior: behavior that occurs in repeated patterns.

146: down feathers: soft, fluffy feathers that provide an insulating layer next to the skin of adult birds and that cover the bodies of young birds.

75: ectotherm: vertebrate animal whose internal temperature changes when the temperature of its environment changes.

73: endoskeleton: supportive framework of bones and/or cartilage that provides an internal place for muscle attachment and protects a vertebrate's internal organs.

75: endotherm: vertebrate animal with a nearly constant internal temperature. (see also p108)

85: estivation: (from aestivare ‘spend the summer’, from aestus ‘heat’) inactivity in hot, dry months.

48: exoskeleton: thick, hard, outer covering that protects and supports arthropod bodies and provides places for muscle to attach.

77: fin: structure used by fish for steering, balancing, and movement.

22: free-living organisms: organism that does not depend on another organism for food or a place to live.

119: gestation period: (from gestare ‘carry, carry in the womb’) period during which an embryo develops in uterus; the length of time varies among species.

38: gills: organs that exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the water.

44: gizzard: (based on Latin gigeria ‘cooked entrails of fowl’) muscular digestive system structure in which earthworms grind soil and organic matter.

9: herbivore: animal that eats only plants or parts of plants; mammals with large premolars and molars for eating only plants. (see also p115)

16: hermaphrodite: (From , the mythical son of and who merged bodies with a and thereafter possessed both male and female qualities.) animal that produces both sperm and eggs in the same body.

85: hibernation: cyclic response of inactivity and slowed metabolism that occurs during periods of cold temperatures and limited food supplies. (see also 147)

137: imprinting: occurs when an animal forms a social attachment to another organism during a specific period following birth or hatching.

135: innate behavior: behavior that an organism is born with and does not have to be learned, such as a reflex or instinct.

139: insight: form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve new problems.

136: instinct: complex pattern of innate behavior, such as spinning a web, that can take weeks to complete.

12: invertebrate: animal without a backbone.

114: mammals: endothermic vertebrates that have hair, teeth specialized for eating certain foods, and mammary glands; in females, mammary glands produce milk for feeding their young.

114: mammary glands: milk-producing glands of female mammals used to feed their young.

38: mantle: thin layer tissue that covers a mollusk's body organs; secretes the shell or protects the body of mollusks without shells.

118: marsupial: ([mɑːr'suːpiəl] from Greek marsupion ‘pouch’) a mammal with an external pouch for the development of its immature young.

17: medusa: (named by association with Medusa) cnidarian body type that is bell-shaped and free-swimming. (cnidarian - [nɑɪ'deəriːən] from knídē “nettle”, from stem of knizein "to scratch scrape")

50: metamorphosis: process in which many insect species change their body form to become adults; can be complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult) or incomplete (egg. nymph, adult).

148: migration: instinctive seasonal movement of animals to find food or to reproduce in better conditions.

48: molting: (based on Latin mutare ‘to change’) shedding and replacing of an arthropod's exoskeleton.

118: monotreme: (from mono- ‘single’ + Greek trēma ‘hole’) a mammal that lay eggs with tough, leathery shells and whose mammal glands do not have nipples.

73: nerve cord: tubelike structure above the notochord that in most chordates develops into the brain and spinal cord.

72: notochord: firm but flexible structure that extends along the upper part of a chordate's body.

9: omnivore: animal that eats plants and animals or animal flesh; mammals with incisors, canine teeth, and flat molars for eating plants and other animals. (see also p115)

38: open circulatory system: blood circulatory system in which blood moves through vessels and into open spaces around the body organs.

73: pharyngeal pouches: in developing chordates, the paired openings found in the area between the mouth and digestive tube.

143: pheromone: (from Greek pherein ‘convey’ + hormone) powerful chemical produced by an animal to influence the behavior of another animal of the same species.

119: placenta: an organ that develops from tissue of the embryo and tissues that line the inside of the uterus and that absorbs oxygen and food from the mother's blood.

119: placental: a mammal whose offspring develop inside the female's uterus.

17: polyp: (from polys "many" + pous "foot") cnidarian body type that is vase-shaped and is usually sessile. (cnidarian - [nɑɪ'deəriːən] from knídē “nettle”, from stem of knizein "to scratch scrape"; sessile - from sess- ‘seated’)

72: postanal tail: muscular structure at the end of a developing chordate.

108: preening: process in which a bird rubs oil from an oil gland over its feathers to condition them. (here, 'condition' is acting as a verb, meaning 'bring (something) into the desired state for use')

13: radial symmetry: body parts arranged in a circle around a central point.

39: radula: (from Latin, literally ‘scraper’, from radere ‘to scrape’) in gastropods, the tounguelike organ with rows of teeth used to scrape and tear food.

135: reflex: simple innate behavior, such as yawning or blinking, that is an automatic response and does not involve a message to the brain.

77: scales: thin, hard plates that cover a fish's skin and protect its body.

15: sessile: (from sess- ‘seated’) describe an organism that remains attached to one place during most of its lifetime.

43: setae: (from Latin, ‘bristle’) bristlelike structures on the utside of each body segment that helps segmented worms move.

140: social behavior: interactions among members of the same species, including courtship and mating, getting food, caring for young, and protecting each other.

141: society: a group of animals of the same species that live and work together in an organized way, with each member doing a specific job.

49: spiracles: (from spirare ‘breathe’) openings in the abdomen and thorax of insects through which air enters and waste gases leave.

18: stinging cells: capsules with coiled triggerlike structures that help cnidarians capture food.

18: tentacles: armlike structures that have stinging cells and surround the mouths of most cnidarians.

58: tube feet: hydraulic, hollow, thin-walled tubes that end in suction cups and enable echinoderms to move.

119: umbilical cord: ([ˌəmˈbilək(ə)l], related to 'the navel; the center of anything') connects the embryo to the placenta; moves food and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo and removes the embryo's waste products.

73: vertebrae: backbones that are joined by flexible cartilage and protect a vertebrate's spinal nerve cord.

12: vertebrate: animal with a backbone.

58: water-vascular system: network of water-filled canals that allows echinoderms to move, capture food, give off wastes, and exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen.

术语表（Glossary in Page Order）

Index	Page	Terminology	Description
7	9	carnivore	animal that eats only other animals or the remains of other animals; mammal having large sharp canine teeth and strong jaw muscles for eating flesh. (see also p115)
27	9	herbivore	animal that eats only plants or parts of plants; mammals with large premolars and molars for eating only plants. (see also p115)
46	9	omnivore	animal that eats plants and animals or animal flesh; mammals with incisors, canine teeth, and flat molars for eating plants and other animals. (see also p115)
34	12	invertebrate	animal without a backbone.
69	12	vertebrate	animal with a backbone.
6	13	bilateral symmetry	body parts arranged in a similar way on both sides of the body, with each half being nearly a mirror image of the other half.
55	13	radial symmetry	body parts arranged in a circle around a central point.
59	15	sessile	(from sess- ‘seated’) describe an organism that remains attached to one place during most of its lifetime.
28	16	hermaphrodite	(From Hermaphroditus, the mythical son of Hermes and Aphrodite who merged bodies with a naiad and thereafter possessed both male and female qualities.) animal that produces both sperm and eggs in the same body.
39	17	medusa	(named by association with Medusa) cnidarian body type that is bell-shaped and free-swimming. (cnidarian - [nɑɪ'deəriːən] from knídē “nettle”, from stem of knizein "to scratch scrape")
52	17	polyp	(from polys "many" + pous "foot") cnidarian body type that is vase-shaped and is usually sessile. (cnidarian - [nɑɪ'deəriːən] from knídē “nettle”, from stem of knizein "to scratch scrape"; sessile - from sess- ‘seated’)
64	18	stinging cells	capsules with coiled triggerlike structures that help cnidarians capture food.
65	18	tentacles	armlike structures that have stinging cells and surround the mouths of most cnidarians.
23	22	free-living organisms	organism that does not depend on another organism for food or a place to live.
3	25	anus	opening at the end of the digestive tract through which wastes leave the body.
25	38	gills	organs that exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the water.
37	38	mantle	thin layer tissue that covers a mollusk's body organs; secretes the shell or protects the body of mollusks without shells.
47	38	open circulatory system	blood circulatory system in which blood moves through vessels and into open spaces around the body organs.
56	39	radula	(from Latin, literally ‘scraper’, from radere ‘to scrape’) in gastropods, the tounguelike organ with rows of teeth used to scrape and tear food.
10	40	closed circulatory system	blood circulatory system in which blood moves through the body in closed vessels.
60	43	setae	(from Latin, ‘bristle’) bristlelike structures on the utside of each body segment that helps segmented worms move.
14	44	crop	digestive system sac in which earthworms store ingested soil.
26	44	gizzard	(based on Latin gigeria ‘cooked entrails of fowl’) muscular digestive system structure in which earthworms grind soil and organic matter.
4	48	appendages	jointed structures of arthropods, such as legs, wings, or antennae.
21	48	exoskeleton	thick, hard, outer covering that protects and supports arthropod bodies and provides places for muscle to attach.
42	48	molting	(based on Latin mutare ‘to change’) shedding and replacing of an arthropod's exoskeleton.
63	49	spiracles	(from spirare ‘breathe’) openings in the abdomen and thorax of insects through which air enters and waste gases leave.
40	50	metamorphosis	process in which many insect species change their body form to become adults; can be complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult) or incomplete (egg. nymph, adult).
66	58	tube feet	hydraulic, hollow, thin-walled tubes that end in suction cups and enable echinoderms to move.
70	58	water-vascular system	network of water-filled canals that allows echinoderms to move, capture food, give off wastes, and exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen.
9	72	chordate	animal that has a notochord, a nerve cord, pharygeal pouches, and a postanal tail present at some stage in its development. (notochord - from Greek nōton ‘back’ + chord 'rope, string')
45	72	notochord	firm but flexible structure that extends along the upper part of a chordate's body.
53	72	postanal tail	muscular structure at the end of a developing chordate.
8	73	cartilage	(Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European kert- 'to weave, twist together') tough, flexible tissue that joins vertebrae and makes up all or part of the vertebrae endoskeleton.
18	73	endoskeleton	supportive framework of bones and/or cartilage that provides an internal place for muscle attachment and protects a vertebrate's internal organs.
44	73	nerve cord	tubelike structure above the notochord that in most chordates develops into the brain and spinal cord.
48	73	pharyngeal pouches	in developing chordates, the paired openings found in the area between the mouth and digestive tube.
68	73	vertebrae	backbones that are joined by flexible cartilage and protect a vertebrate's spinal nerve cord.
17	75	ectotherm	vertebrate animal whose internal temperature changes when the temperature of its environment changes.
19	75	endotherm	vertebrate animal with a nearly constant internal temperature. (see also p108)
22	77	fin	structure used by fish for steering, balancing, and movement.
58	77	scales	thin, hard plates that cover a fish's skin and protect its body.
20	85	estivation	(from aestivare ‘spend the summer’, from aestus ‘heat’) inactivity in hot, dry months.
29	85	hibernation	cyclic response of inactivity and slowed metabolism that occurs during periods of cold temperatures and limited food supplies. (see also 147)
2	91	amniotic egg	egg covered with a shell that provide a complete environment for the embryo's development; for reptiles, a major adaptation for living on land.
12	108	contour feathers	strong, lightweight feathers that give birds their coloring and shape and that are used for flight.
54	108	preening	process in which a bird rubs oil from an oil gland over its feathers to condition them. (here, 'condition' is acting as a verb, meaning 'bring (something) into the desired state for use')
35	114	mammals	endothermic vertebrates that have hair, teeth specialized for eating certain foods, and mammary glands; in females, mammary glands produce milk for feeding their young.
36	114	mammary glands	milk-producing glands of female mammals used to feed their young.
38	118	marsupial	([mɑːr'suːpiəl] from Greek marsupion ‘pouch’) a mammal with an external pouch for the development of its immature young.
43	118	monotreme	(from mono- ‘single’ + Greek trēma ‘hole’) a mammal that lay eggs with tough, leathery shells and whose mammal glands do not have nipples.
24	119	gestation period	(from gestare ‘carry, carry in the womb’) period during which an embryo develops in uterus; the length of time varies among species.
50	119	placenta	an organ that develops from tissue of the embryo and tissues that line the inside of the uterus and that absorbs oxygen and food from the mother's blood.
51	119	placental	a mammal whose offspring develop inside the female's uterus.
67	119	umbilical cord	([ˌəmˈbilək(ə)l], related to 'the navel; the center of anything') connects the embryo to the placenta; moves food and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo and removes the embryo's waste products.
5	134	behavior	the way in which an organism interacts with other organisms and its environment; can be innate or learned.
31	135	innate behavior	behavior that an organism is born with and does not have to be learned, such as a reflex or instinct.
57	135	reflex	simple innate behavior, such as yawning or blinking, that is an automatic response and does not involve a message to the brain.
33	136	instinct	complex pattern of innate behavior, such as spinning a web, that can take weeks to complete.
30	137	imprinting	occurs when an animal forms a social attachment to another organism during a specific period following birth or hatching.
11	138	conditioning	occurs when the response to a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus.
32	139	insight	form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve new problems.
61	140	social behavior	interactions among members of the same species, including courtship and mating, getting food, caring for young, and protecting each other.
62	141	society	a group of animals of the same species that live and work together in an organized way, with each member doing a specific job.
1	142	aggression	forceful behavior, such as fighting, used by an animal to control or dominate another animal in order to protect their young, defend territory, or get food.
13	143	courtship behavior	behavior that allows males and females of the same species to recognize each other and prepare to mate.
49	143	pheromone	(from Greek pherein ‘convey’ + hormone) powerful chemical produced by an animal to influence the behavior of another animal of the same species.
15	146	cyclic behavior	behavior that occurs in repeated patterns.
16	146	down feathers	soft, fluffy feathers that provide an insulating layer next to the skin of adult birds and that cover the bodies of young birds.
41	148	migration	instinctive seasonal movement of animals to find food or to reproduce in better conditions.